AMERICAN GOVERNMENT LESSON 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT LESSON 1 - Essay Example According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"The people elect public officials to represent them in free and frequent elections. People start voting to tell the government what they need at the age of eighteen.† An example of this is the upcoming presidential election. Anyone who is eligible to vote can cast a ballot for whom they wish to be president. The principle of limited power was born out of the fear that Americans had at the time since they had just gained independence. They now had their own power and freedoms and were not about to hand it over fully and freely to the government. Essentially, tyranny was their greatest fear because of the circumstances. According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"Many states pressured the framers of the constitution to add a Bill of Rights, or a list of the basic rights of citizens. The framers also made the national and state governments share power. But whatever the power, the people gave it to the government and they could take it away.† An example of this in today’s world is the rules governing equal opportunity rights. The next principle for discussion is the sharing of power. According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"Americas government was based on Federalism, where power is divided between the Federal (national) and state governments. The constitution states what powers the Federal government has and leaves the rest for the states. Whenever a dispute arises the constitution is the â€Å"supreme law of the land.† An example of this is gambling. Some states allow it, and some do not. There is no federal law outright forbidding it, though. The fourth principle to discuss is separation of powers. As it stands today, the federal government consists of the legislative, judicial, and executive branches. According to Glidden and Hill (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"The legislative branch includes the congress and House of

Prject Management review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prject Management review - Essay Example The two major categories of estimation are ‘Macro or Top-down approach and Micro or Bottom-up approach’ (Sihombing). The Macro or Top-Down approach This approach is used to make a quick and rough estimation of project cost and time, when the time and expense of a detailed estimate are some issues. Often macro approach is carried out during the conception stage as there is no full design or Work Breakdown Structure available. The macro approaches may have high chances of inaccuracy and therefore, only well experienced personnel can do the estimation. With the help of a similar previous project, the estimation becomes easier. As Gray and Larson (2008, p. 134) point out, the expenses for the foremost subunits of the new project would be proportional to foremost subunits in the previous project. The Micro or Bottom-UP approach The Micro approach takes the project design and a ‘roll-up’ of Work Breakdown Structure elements into consideration (Project management). As it is a detailed approach, it requires multiple personnel and much time to complete the process. If the bottom-up estimate is done properly, it can yield accurate cost and time estimates. The costs for the higher level units are obtained by rolling-up the estimated time and cost connected with the lowest level Work Breakdown Structure packages. And this approach renders the most accurate estimation within the time devoted to developing the estimate. Factors affecting the estimation of Cost and Time There are several significant factors that affect the estimation of project cost and time. The most important factors are; Task Definition: The comprehensiveness of the definition of the project helps to determine whether all tasks have been taken into account. Project Structure: The structure compacted with a dedicated project team will always focuses on the effective completion of the project. Padding: there are chances of increasing the estimates in order to consider the unknown risks which in turn may cause an unwanted trade-off. Culture: It refers to the acceptable behavior of the organization which influences the estimation. Downtime: It is the lapse of time which affects the time estimate due to equipment repairs, holidays, vacations, etc. II An Ideal Approach According to Rosenau and Githens (2006, p. 133), planning, estimating, and resourcing are the most important elements of a successful project; and these elements may seem to be separate issues, but required to be conducted in parallel as they directly influence each other. Estimation of time and cost is needed per each type of resources for every part of the work to be done. An ideal approach from the part of the project manager would be to hold all the different elements and criteria together in a multi-dimensional model. The project manager should mak e sure that the estimation is done by a person who is most familiar with the task. And if possible, it is better to collect estimates from several people and find the variation of risk assessment. In order to avoid the ‘group think’, multiple estimates must be conducted independently. The project manager should use consistent units while estimating task time and the estimates should be based on normal conditions. The